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Partager le résultat de cette recherche Interroger des sources externesEmbryogénèse somatique, variations somaclonales et tolérance à la salinité chez le blé dur (Triticum durumDesf.). / Zoheira Benabdelhafid
Titre : Embryogénèse somatique, variations somaclonales et tolérance à la salinité chez le blé dur (Triticum durumDesf.). : (Analyse génotypique et moléculaire) Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Zoheira Benabdelhafid, Auteur ; Abdelhamid Djekoun, Directeur de thèse Editeur : جامعة الإخوة منتوري قسنطينة Année de publication : 2016 Importance : 144 f. Format : 30 cm. Note générale : 2 copies imprimées disponibles
Langues : Français (fre) Tags : Blé dur stress salin embryon mature embryogénèse somatique régénération in vitro variations somaclonales RAPD polymorphisme Durum wheat salt stress mature embryo somatic embryogenesis in vitro
regeneration somaclonal variation polymorphism ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? RAPD?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????Index. décimale : 570 Sciences de la vie. Biologie Résumé : The main objective of this work is to overcome the effect of salt stress on wheat
through different techniques and biotechnology approaches, which are used to improve the behavior of different varieties of durum wheat and to select the best performing. Somatic embryogenesis is currently integrated into many selection schemes since it can significantly reduce the length of improvement cycles. Development of somatic embryos was obtained after cultivation of six varieties of durum wheat (Waha, GuemGoum Rkhem, Beliouni Adnan- 2, Beni and Adnan mestina-1) on a nutrient medium supplemented with 3.5mg / l 2.4-D. The selection of tolerant varieties to the salt stress was achieved by the addition of a selective agent: NaCl. This study is based on the addition of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 4, 8,
12, 16 g/l) to the medium to study the salt stress effect on the development of somatic embryogenesis. NaCl introduced to the regeneration medium was carried out by a sequential addition of different graded concentrations to determine the callus growth rate, the water content, the content of K +, Na + contents and the K + / Na + ratio in the presence orabsence of stress. Moreover, the application of salt stress through direct addition of different NaCl concentrations during the induction phase of callogenesis was exploited to determine the influence of stress on the rate of callogenesis, the germination rate, the rate of embryogenic calli, the regeneration rate and the average number of regenerated plants per callus. in vitro regeneration has proved susceptibelty to the development of somaclonal variation, because
when callogenesis, somatic cells must be adapted to the culture medium and generate new changes in the genome. The detection of these variations is generally performed through revelation techniques by molecular methods. In this study, DNA extracted from the regenerated plants was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that allowed, from this template DNA in the presence of arbitrary 9 RAPD primers to obtain a degree of polymorphism indicating the presence of somaclonal variation. Analysis of RAPD profiles revealed that the presence of somaclonal variation may be the result of many crop cycles, application of a severe stress weans and different responses of durum wheat genotypes for cultivation in vitro regeneration.
Diplôme : Doctorat En ligne : ../theses/biologie/BEN6928.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : http://bu.umc.edu.dz/md/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10280 Embryogénèse somatique, variations somaclonales et tolérance à la salinité chez le blé dur (Triticum durumDesf.). : (Analyse génotypique et moléculaire) [texte imprimé] / Zoheira Benabdelhafid, Auteur ; Abdelhamid Djekoun, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : جامعة الإخوة منتوري قسنطينة, 2016 . - 144 f. ; 30 cm.
2 copies imprimées disponibles
Langues : Français (fre)
Tags : Blé dur stress salin embryon mature embryogénèse somatique régénération in vitro variations somaclonales RAPD polymorphisme Durum wheat salt stress mature embryo somatic embryogenesis in vitro
regeneration somaclonal variation polymorphism ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? RAPD?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????Index. décimale : 570 Sciences de la vie. Biologie Résumé : The main objective of this work is to overcome the effect of salt stress on wheat
through different techniques and biotechnology approaches, which are used to improve the behavior of different varieties of durum wheat and to select the best performing. Somatic embryogenesis is currently integrated into many selection schemes since it can significantly reduce the length of improvement cycles. Development of somatic embryos was obtained after cultivation of six varieties of durum wheat (Waha, GuemGoum Rkhem, Beliouni Adnan- 2, Beni and Adnan mestina-1) on a nutrient medium supplemented with 3.5mg / l 2.4-D. The selection of tolerant varieties to the salt stress was achieved by the addition of a selective agent: NaCl. This study is based on the addition of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 4, 8,
12, 16 g/l) to the medium to study the salt stress effect on the development of somatic embryogenesis. NaCl introduced to the regeneration medium was carried out by a sequential addition of different graded concentrations to determine the callus growth rate, the water content, the content of K +, Na + contents and the K + / Na + ratio in the presence orabsence of stress. Moreover, the application of salt stress through direct addition of different NaCl concentrations during the induction phase of callogenesis was exploited to determine the influence of stress on the rate of callogenesis, the germination rate, the rate of embryogenic calli, the regeneration rate and the average number of regenerated plants per callus. in vitro regeneration has proved susceptibelty to the development of somaclonal variation, because
when callogenesis, somatic cells must be adapted to the culture medium and generate new changes in the genome. The detection of these variations is generally performed through revelation techniques by molecular methods. In this study, DNA extracted from the regenerated plants was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that allowed, from this template DNA in the presence of arbitrary 9 RAPD primers to obtain a degree of polymorphism indicating the presence of somaclonal variation. Analysis of RAPD profiles revealed that the presence of somaclonal variation may be the result of many crop cycles, application of a severe stress weans and different responses of durum wheat genotypes for cultivation in vitro regeneration.
Diplôme : Doctorat En ligne : ../theses/biologie/BEN6928.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : http://bu.umc.edu.dz/md/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10280 Exemplaires
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Titre : Diversité génétique de l'espèce Aegilops geniculata Roth en Algérie par approches morphologique, biochimique et moléculaire Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Asma Medouri, Auteur ; Douadi Khelifi, Directeur de thèse Editeur : جامعة الإخوة منتوري قسنطينة Année de publication : 2016 Importance : 132 f. Format : 30 cm. Note générale : 2 copies imprimées disponibles
Langues : Français (fre) Tags : Aegilops geniculata Accession Algérie Diversité Morphologie Gluténines Gliadines RAPD Algeria Diversity Morphology Glutenins Gliadins ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? Index. décimale : 570 Sciences de la vie. Biologie Résumé : The study of genetic diversity in a collection of the allotetraploid species Aegilops geniculata Roth(UM) collected in Algeria was assessed using morphological, biochemical and molecular approaches.
This was carried on a wide sampling following a climatic gradient throughout North Algeria. This estimation was preceded by assessing the genetic variability of the diploid progenitors of the tetraploid species (Ae. comosa and Ae. umbellulata) based on gluten proteins. For diploids, a significant variation
was revealed for the three classes of gluten proteins. Several new alleles corresponding to HMW-GS were identified and a nomenclature was proposed as: 8 alleles were found at the Glu-M1 locus (with 5 new alleles) and 3 alleles (with one new) at the Glu-U1 locus. For LMW-GS (B- zone), 14 and 7 alleles were revealed at Glu-M3 and Glu-U3 loci respectively. For gliadins, a typology was established.
Morphological diversity of Ae. geniculata was estimated using 15 descriptors. Individuals were morphologically homogenous and little differences were found between accessions. Results of PCA reveal that traits expressing the wide of the spike distinguished better between accessions. Biochemical analysis of glutenins showed a high level of polymorphism as; 15 alleles were recognized at the GluM1 locus and 12 at the Glu-U1 locus with a new subunit and several new alleles. For B-LMW-GS,
the locus Glu-M3 expressed 28 alleles and the locus Glu-U3 expressed 25 alleles. Thirty-two specific patterns were revealed for C-LMW-GS. With respect to gliadins, 61 polymorphic bands resulting in 35 gliadin blocks were found. The genetic diversity index indicated that ω-gliadins were the most polymorphic, followed by γ- and β-gliadin then α-gliadins. Molecular data based on RAPD showed a high polymorphism as 145 fragments were detected with a level of polymorphism of 79.31%.
The three studied approaches (morphology, proteins and DNA polymorphism) showed relationships between genetic variation of the accessions and ecogeographic conditions. Correlation between morphology and some climatic factors showed that some independent characters were correlated with the winter minimum temperature. The polymorphism detected in gliadins highlighted a strong correlation between ecogeographic parameters and some ω-gliadin bands especially the band B14.
RAPD polymorphism showed a strong correlation with ecological parameters."
Diplôme : Doctorat En ligne : ../theses/biologie/MED6917.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : http://bu.umc.edu.dz/md/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10269 Diversité génétique de l'espèce Aegilops geniculata Roth en Algérie par approches morphologique, biochimique et moléculaire [texte imprimé] / Asma Medouri, Auteur ; Douadi Khelifi, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : جامعة الإخوة منتوري قسنطينة, 2016 . - 132 f. ; 30 cm.
2 copies imprimées disponibles
Langues : Français (fre)
Tags : Aegilops geniculata Accession Algérie Diversité Morphologie Gluténines Gliadines RAPD Algeria Diversity Morphology Glutenins Gliadins ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? Index. décimale : 570 Sciences de la vie. Biologie Résumé : The study of genetic diversity in a collection of the allotetraploid species Aegilops geniculata Roth(UM) collected in Algeria was assessed using morphological, biochemical and molecular approaches.
This was carried on a wide sampling following a climatic gradient throughout North Algeria. This estimation was preceded by assessing the genetic variability of the diploid progenitors of the tetraploid species (Ae. comosa and Ae. umbellulata) based on gluten proteins. For diploids, a significant variation
was revealed for the three classes of gluten proteins. Several new alleles corresponding to HMW-GS were identified and a nomenclature was proposed as: 8 alleles were found at the Glu-M1 locus (with 5 new alleles) and 3 alleles (with one new) at the Glu-U1 locus. For LMW-GS (B- zone), 14 and 7 alleles were revealed at Glu-M3 and Glu-U3 loci respectively. For gliadins, a typology was established.
Morphological diversity of Ae. geniculata was estimated using 15 descriptors. Individuals were morphologically homogenous and little differences were found between accessions. Results of PCA reveal that traits expressing the wide of the spike distinguished better between accessions. Biochemical analysis of glutenins showed a high level of polymorphism as; 15 alleles were recognized at the GluM1 locus and 12 at the Glu-U1 locus with a new subunit and several new alleles. For B-LMW-GS,
the locus Glu-M3 expressed 28 alleles and the locus Glu-U3 expressed 25 alleles. Thirty-two specific patterns were revealed for C-LMW-GS. With respect to gliadins, 61 polymorphic bands resulting in 35 gliadin blocks were found. The genetic diversity index indicated that ω-gliadins were the most polymorphic, followed by γ- and β-gliadin then α-gliadins. Molecular data based on RAPD showed a high polymorphism as 145 fragments were detected with a level of polymorphism of 79.31%.
The three studied approaches (morphology, proteins and DNA polymorphism) showed relationships between genetic variation of the accessions and ecogeographic conditions. Correlation between morphology and some climatic factors showed that some independent characters were correlated with the winter minimum temperature. The polymorphism detected in gliadins highlighted a strong correlation between ecogeographic parameters and some ω-gliadin bands especially the band B14.
RAPD polymorphism showed a strong correlation with ecological parameters."
Diplôme : Doctorat En ligne : ../theses/biologie/MED6917.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : http://bu.umc.edu.dz/md/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10269 Exemplaires
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Titre : Caractérisation Botanique et moléculaire du palmier dattier (Phœnix dactylifera L.) de la région de Bou-Sâada. Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Ahlem Guettouchi, Auteur ; Nadia Ykhlef, Directeur de thèse Editeur : جامعة الإخوة منتوري قسنطينة Année de publication : 2017 Importance : 147 f. Format : 30 cm. Note générale : 2 copies imprimées disponibles
Langues : Français (fre) Tags : Palmier dattier Bou-Saâda inventaire caractère morphologique ISSR RAPD Bayoud Date palm Bou-Sâada inventory morphological characteristics ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? Index. décimale : 570 Sciences de la vie. Biologie Résumé : The study of the genetic diversity of the date palm of the Oasis of Bou-Saâda led us to make
an inventory of palm trees in the four zones Djenane Btom, Djenane Nakhara, Dejnane
Hmaïd, and Djenane khachbat mimoum, Twenty-three varieties without count Dokkar and
the total number of palm trees is 2147. With the study of the morphological characteristics
(length of palm, number of spines ...) it was possible to describe and identify the twenty three
varieties listed, Varieties that exist only at the Oasis of Bou-Saâda as Bou-Saâdiya, Nebgaya
and Zebla.
Molecular identification of the date palm cultivars of the Bou-Saâda palm grove by the two
techniques ISSR (21 primers) and RAPD (27 primers) were used revealed an important
genetic polymorphism inter accessions is explained by the morphological difference between
the varieties. The RAPD and ISSR markers allowed to characterize and distinguish the
different cultivars. Analysis of the RAPD, ISSR data generated a phylogeny similar to that
revealed by RAPD
Concerning the genetic identification of Bayoud-resistant cultivars The use of the two R and S
plasmids as molecular markers will be effective in detecting the Bayoud-resistant cultivars.
Resistant cultivars have been identified from the cultivars tested. It has been found that Baâret
ljmal is resistant, on the other hand, the cultivar Deglet Nour represents the two plasmid forms
R and S. Thus, using this technique, it is possible to establish a list of cultivars of Algerian
date palm Resistant or sensitive to Bayoud
The Oasis of Bou-Saâda still retains an important genetic heritage, which must be protected
and used
Diplôme : Doctorat en sciences En ligne : ../theses/biologie/GUE7139.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : http://bu.umc.edu.dz/md/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10463 Caractérisation Botanique et moléculaire du palmier dattier (Phœnix dactylifera L.) de la région de Bou-Sâada. [texte imprimé] / Ahlem Guettouchi, Auteur ; Nadia Ykhlef, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : جامعة الإخوة منتوري قسنطينة, 2017 . - 147 f. ; 30 cm.
2 copies imprimées disponibles
Langues : Français (fre)
Tags : Palmier dattier Bou-Saâda inventaire caractère morphologique ISSR RAPD Bayoud Date palm Bou-Sâada inventory morphological characteristics ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? Index. décimale : 570 Sciences de la vie. Biologie Résumé : The study of the genetic diversity of the date palm of the Oasis of Bou-Saâda led us to make
an inventory of palm trees in the four zones Djenane Btom, Djenane Nakhara, Dejnane
Hmaïd, and Djenane khachbat mimoum, Twenty-three varieties without count Dokkar and
the total number of palm trees is 2147. With the study of the morphological characteristics
(length of palm, number of spines ...) it was possible to describe and identify the twenty three
varieties listed, Varieties that exist only at the Oasis of Bou-Saâda as Bou-Saâdiya, Nebgaya
and Zebla.
Molecular identification of the date palm cultivars of the Bou-Saâda palm grove by the two
techniques ISSR (21 primers) and RAPD (27 primers) were used revealed an important
genetic polymorphism inter accessions is explained by the morphological difference between
the varieties. The RAPD and ISSR markers allowed to characterize and distinguish the
different cultivars. Analysis of the RAPD, ISSR data generated a phylogeny similar to that
revealed by RAPD
Concerning the genetic identification of Bayoud-resistant cultivars The use of the two R and S
plasmids as molecular markers will be effective in detecting the Bayoud-resistant cultivars.
Resistant cultivars have been identified from the cultivars tested. It has been found that Baâret
ljmal is resistant, on the other hand, the cultivar Deglet Nour represents the two plasmid forms
R and S. Thus, using this technique, it is possible to establish a list of cultivars of Algerian
date palm Resistant or sensitive to Bayoud
The Oasis of Bou-Saâda still retains an important genetic heritage, which must be protected
and used
Diplôme : Doctorat en sciences En ligne : ../theses/biologie/GUE7139.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : http://bu.umc.edu.dz/md/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10463 Exemplaires
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Titre : Diversité phénotypique et moléculaire du blé dur cultivé en Algérie : identification et caractérisation des accessions. Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Amina Khennaoui, Auteur ; Nadia Ykhlef, Directeur de thèse Editeur : جامعة الإخوة منتوري قسنطينة Année de publication : 2018 Importance : 169 f. Format : 30 cm. Note générale : 2 copies imprimées disponibles
Langues : Français (fre) Tags : traits agro- morphologiques Triticum durum rendement diversité génétique SSR RAPD agro-morphological traits yield genetic diversity ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? .(SSR, RAPD) Index. décimale : 570 Sciences de la vie. Biologie Résumé : The genetic improvement of the agronomic traits related to the performance and adaptation to the environments is conditioned by the presence of a genetic and phenotypic variability of the targeted traits in the plant material subjected to the selection. In this work, three trials were conducted on the collection of 26 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) from various origins. The first trial was realized during the campaign of 2011/2012 on the
ITGC site of el khroub station in rainy conditions. This site represents the highest Algerian eastern plains. To assess the extent of phenotypic variability for future use. Various phenological and physiological parameters (The heading stage and maturity date, the temperature of crop canopy, relative water content), agronomics (The number of fertile tillers (NTF), the number of grass tillers (NTG), and (NTF/NTG). And quantitative morphological characteristics (plant height, flag leaf area, the length of beards, the spike length) and qualitative characteristics (spike and beards color and pubescence of glumes) were studied in the genotypes of durum wheat. The results obtained reveal highly significant varietal differences for all measured parameters.
The second trial was conducted during the 2012/2013 campaign on the same site of previous experiments; in order to compare the production and performance of varieties studied under different climatic conditions. A significant effect years and varieties were revealed for the set of parameters, our results show that the end-of-cycle thermal stress induces a decrease of thousand kernel weight. Lack of water causes a decrease in the number of heads per m² and the number of grains per ear of all varieties. The Hoggar and Tassili varieties have good production capacity during the two trials compared to the other varieties. Highly positive significant links have been found between grain yield and the number of grains produced per unit area, and the number of grain per spike. The principal component analysis, described a total variation of 77.36 %, and the hierarchical
classification has divided the genotypes according to their phenotypic variation into three distinct groups. The first one includes old varieties showing adaptability to climatic conditions to the studied area. They are late and large. In opposition to the two groups formed by varieties from (CIMMYT, ICARDA, and Italy) . They are characterized by a small, early maturity at heading, and show higher values for all performance components.
The third trial was conducted in this study to evaluate the genetic diversity of durum wheat varieties using two types of molecular markers (SSR and RAPD). In total, 44 and 30 alleles were generated by 10 SSR primers and 05 RAPD primers respectively. The results obtained by the use of microsatellites, highlights variability within the 26 varieties.
Reveal significant allelic diversity characterized by high polymorphic information content (PIC) values, highest are obtained by primers WMC 307 and BARC 142 with (0.85 and 0.73) respectively. And in agreement with the large number of polymorphic alleles detected in varieties with an average of 11.8 alleles.These results reinforces and justify the choice to use these primers association analysis in our durum wheat varieties. The
classification of varieties according to UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic averaging) showed a wide genetic diversity, can be used in the choice of parents in the breeding program. Modern wheat varieties have diverged from Algerian and Italian durum wheat into two main distinct clusters. The results estimated by the RAPD
markers also reveal a genetic polymorphism expressed by a PIC (0.31) and Shannon diversity index (0.410). AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) showed that genetic variation within groups represented 97% (ΦPT = 0.173 p <0.05).
Diplôme : Doctorat En ligne : ../theses/biologie/KHE7229.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : http://bu.umc.edu.dz/md/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10798 Diversité phénotypique et moléculaire du blé dur cultivé en Algérie : identification et caractérisation des accessions. [texte imprimé] / Amina Khennaoui, Auteur ; Nadia Ykhlef, Directeur de thèse . - [S.l.] : جامعة الإخوة منتوري قسنطينة, 2018 . - 169 f. ; 30 cm.
2 copies imprimées disponibles
Langues : Français (fre)
Tags : traits agro- morphologiques Triticum durum rendement diversité génétique SSR RAPD agro-morphological traits yield genetic diversity ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? .(SSR, RAPD) Index. décimale : 570 Sciences de la vie. Biologie Résumé : The genetic improvement of the agronomic traits related to the performance and adaptation to the environments is conditioned by the presence of a genetic and phenotypic variability of the targeted traits in the plant material subjected to the selection. In this work, three trials were conducted on the collection of 26 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) from various origins. The first trial was realized during the campaign of 2011/2012 on the
ITGC site of el khroub station in rainy conditions. This site represents the highest Algerian eastern plains. To assess the extent of phenotypic variability for future use. Various phenological and physiological parameters (The heading stage and maturity date, the temperature of crop canopy, relative water content), agronomics (The number of fertile tillers (NTF), the number of grass tillers (NTG), and (NTF/NTG). And quantitative morphological characteristics (plant height, flag leaf area, the length of beards, the spike length) and qualitative characteristics (spike and beards color and pubescence of glumes) were studied in the genotypes of durum wheat. The results obtained reveal highly significant varietal differences for all measured parameters.
The second trial was conducted during the 2012/2013 campaign on the same site of previous experiments; in order to compare the production and performance of varieties studied under different climatic conditions. A significant effect years and varieties were revealed for the set of parameters, our results show that the end-of-cycle thermal stress induces a decrease of thousand kernel weight. Lack of water causes a decrease in the number of heads per m² and the number of grains per ear of all varieties. The Hoggar and Tassili varieties have good production capacity during the two trials compared to the other varieties. Highly positive significant links have been found between grain yield and the number of grains produced per unit area, and the number of grain per spike. The principal component analysis, described a total variation of 77.36 %, and the hierarchical
classification has divided the genotypes according to their phenotypic variation into three distinct groups. The first one includes old varieties showing adaptability to climatic conditions to the studied area. They are late and large. In opposition to the two groups formed by varieties from (CIMMYT, ICARDA, and Italy) . They are characterized by a small, early maturity at heading, and show higher values for all performance components.
The third trial was conducted in this study to evaluate the genetic diversity of durum wheat varieties using two types of molecular markers (SSR and RAPD). In total, 44 and 30 alleles were generated by 10 SSR primers and 05 RAPD primers respectively. The results obtained by the use of microsatellites, highlights variability within the 26 varieties.
Reveal significant allelic diversity characterized by high polymorphic information content (PIC) values, highest are obtained by primers WMC 307 and BARC 142 with (0.85 and 0.73) respectively. And in agreement with the large number of polymorphic alleles detected in varieties with an average of 11.8 alleles.These results reinforces and justify the choice to use these primers association analysis in our durum wheat varieties. The
classification of varieties according to UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic averaging) showed a wide genetic diversity, can be used in the choice of parents in the breeding program. Modern wheat varieties have diverged from Algerian and Italian durum wheat into two main distinct clusters. The results estimated by the RAPD
markers also reveal a genetic polymorphism expressed by a PIC (0.31) and Shannon diversity index (0.410). AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) showed that genetic variation within groups represented 97% (ΦPT = 0.173 p <0.05).
Diplôme : Doctorat En ligne : ../theses/biologie/KHE7229.pdf Format de la ressource électronique : Permalink : http://bu.umc.edu.dz/md/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=10798 Exemplaires
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